無為之為：幼兒園自主游戲的探索

序......................................................................................................應(yīng)彩云 001
緒  言..............................................................................................李  潔 001
第一章 幼兒園自主游戲的概述..................................................李  潔 005
第一節(jié) 幼兒園自主游戲的定義和內(nèi)涵特征 .....................................006
一、是由幼兒內(nèi)在動機促發(fā)的活動 .............................................007
二、是幼兒自主的活動 .................................................................007
三、是表現(xiàn)幼兒已有經(jīng)驗的活動 .................................................008
四、是一種虛構(gòu)的活動 .................................................................009
五、是一種潛藏規(guī)則的活動 .........................................................009
六、是一種過程重于結(jié)果的活動 .................................................010
七、是幼兒體驗積極情感的活動 .................................................011
第二節(jié) 幼兒園自主游戲與幼兒學(xué)習(xí)、發(fā)展的關(guān)系 .........................012
一、幼兒園自主游戲和幼兒學(xué)習(xí)的關(guān)系 .....................................012
（一）在自主游戲中產(chǎn)生主動的學(xué)習(xí) ...........................................013
（二）自主游戲促使幼兒進行深度的學(xué)習(xí) ...................................013
（三）自主游戲中的學(xué)習(xí)具有長遠效應(yīng) .......................................013
二、幼兒園自主游戲和幼兒發(fā)展的關(guān)系 .....................................014
（一）自主游戲能反映幼兒的發(fā)展 ...............................................015
（二）自主游戲能鞏固幼兒的發(fā)展 ...............................................015
（三）自主游戲能促進幼兒的發(fā)展 ...............................................015
第三節(jié) 幼兒園自主游戲?qū)嵺`中存在的問題 .....................................016
一、知行不一 .................................................................................016
（一）對自主游戲的發(fā)展價值認同度不高 ...................................016
（二）對自主游戲的自由精神執(zhí)行力不強 ...................................017
二、力所不及 .................................................................................017
（一）觀察內(nèi)容不夠明確 ...............................................................018
（二）解讀視角不夠精準(zhǔn) ...............................................................018
（三）支持策略不夠多元 ...............................................................019
第二章 幼兒園自主游戲的觀察和解讀......................................李  潔 021
第一節(jié) 觀察和解讀的目的 .................................................................022
一、為以學(xué)定教找到依據(jù) .............................................................022
二、為因人施教找到方向 .............................................................022
第二節(jié) 觀察和解讀的現(xiàn)實困境 .........................................................023
一、觀察中存在的問題 .................................................................023
（一）模糊不清：不知道觀察什么 ...............................................023
（二）顧此失彼：不能實現(xiàn)全面觀察 ...........................................024
（三）淺嘗輒止：不能持續(xù)、深入地觀察 ...................................024
（四）一知半解：觀察方法、視角單一 .......................................024
二、解讀中存在的問題 .................................................................025
（一）主觀臆斷：經(jīng)驗主義 ...........................................................025
（二）以偏概全：片面觀點 ...........................................................025
三、記錄中存在的問題 .................................................................025
第三節(jié) 觀察和解讀的策略 .................................................................026
一、改進觀察的方法 .....................................................................026
（一）全面觀察、定點觀察、隨機觀察相結(jié)合 ...........................026
以觀察材料為主 .............................................................................028
逍遙自在的“毛毛蟲”...........................................................028
越玩越嗨的“建筑工地”.......................................................030
多變的圓筒..............................................................................035 
來了兩只“小企鵝”................................................................037
從一成不變到千變?nèi)f化..........................................................039
以觀察區(qū)域為主 .............................................................................045
“毛毛蟲”找媽媽....................................................................045
“一只耳”歸案........................................................................047
別樣自主游戲之“游樂場”....................................................050
“上仙們”的生活....................................................................056
“喜鵲女子樂坊”.....................................................................059
以觀察幼兒為主 .............................................................................062
臭美的“老板”.......................................................................062
一鳴的愛和恨..........................................................................064
歡迎到“奕歐來”看“煙花”................................................068
“鍋鏟”風(fēng)波............................................................................071
我?guī)闳?ldquo;西天取經(jīng)”..........................................................073
“自由朋友像”........................................................................076
從“偷”小菜開始的..............................................................080
“奶茶三兄弟”......................................................................083
（二）單次觀察、連續(xù)觀察相結(jié)合 ...............................................085
單次觀察 .........................................................................................086
一絲不茍背后的歡喜和擔(dān)憂..................................................086
自娛自樂的“滑雪場老板”...................................................088
從兩個筐筐開始的故事..........................................................090
連續(xù)觀察 .........................................................................................096
從“音樂家”開始..................................................................096
“動物樂園”的潮起潮落........................................................102
不再孤單的“功夫熊貓”......................................................108
二、借助于評價的工具 .................................................................111
（一）借助于《游戲活動（3—6 歲）》進行評價 ......................111
“寶塔”鎮(zhèn)“蟲妖”.............................................................112
“幽靈”來了............................................................................115無為之為
“骨折”................................................................................120
“小企鵝”“暈”倒了...............................................................123
（二）借助于《上海市幼兒園辦園質(zhì)量評價指南》進行評價........131
我要在草地上“開飛機”........................................................132
我的“大炮”，你不要滑下去！............................................134
（三）借助于其他評價工具進行評價 ...........................................136
會工作、會生活的“特種兵”.........................................137
一波三折的“蟑螂事件”........................................................142
三、明確記錄的方式 .....................................................................149
（一）要點記錄 ...............................................................................149
（二）逸事記錄 ...............................................................................149
（三）“畫語”記錄 .........................................................................150
第三章 幼兒園自主游戲的材料支持..........................................李  潔 155
第一節(jié) 材料的分類 .............................................................................156
一、已有的分類 .............................................................................156
二、創(chuàng)新的分類 .............................................................................156
（一）班級現(xiàn)成的材料 ...................................................................157
（二）師幼收集的材料 ...................................................................157
第二節(jié) “材料區(qū)”的創(chuàng)建 ...................................................................158
一、取個名字 .................................................................................158
二、選好地方 .................................................................................158
三、思考設(shè)計 .................................................................................158
（一）呈現(xiàn)區(qū)域 ...............................................................................158
（二）規(guī)劃數(shù)量 ...............................................................................159
四、保證更新 .................................................................................159
第三節(jié) 材料和游戲的相互推進 .........................................................159
一、材料可以激發(fā)游戲動機和聯(lián)想 .............................................160
關(guān)注材料主要特征 .........................................................................161
哎呀，你受傷了！..................................................................161
“龍蝦店”的新發(fā)明................................................................163 
小小“建筑工人”在行動......................................................165
發(fā)現(xiàn)材料安全隱患 .........................................................................168
危險的漁網(wǎng)..............................................................................168
“海盜”的逆襲........................................................................170
“棒棒”很棒............................................................................172
打破材料一貫用法 .........................................................................175
桌子“變身”...........................................................................175
“救生艇”................................................................................177
“電線”變成“封鎖線”........................................................179
實現(xiàn)材料跨類組合 .........................................................................182
搭“山”嘍..............................................................................182
“忍者”的“武器”................................................................185
“西游記”................................................................................188
二、游戲能夠促進材料的收集和擴充 .........................................191
顯現(xiàn)教師支持策略 .........................................................................192
“射箭”和“騎馬”.................................................................192
小朋友大朋友一起玩起來......................................................194
“戒指店”終于開張了............................................................196
發(fā)揮家長資源優(yōu)勢 .........................................................................199
“海盜”......................................................................................199
“黑貓警長”變身記................................................................203
“堯總”的滑雪場....................................................................205
第四節(jié) 幼兒園常用材料推薦 .............................................................208
一、第十名：PVC 管子.................................................................208
二、第九名：一次性杯子 .............................................................208
三、第八名：繩子 .........................................................................209
四、第七名：呼啦圈 .....................................................................210
五、第六名：鉆筒 .........................................................................210
六、第五名：紙箱圈 .....................................................................211
七、第四名：圓筒 .........................................................................211無為之為
八、第三名：紗巾 .........................................................................212
九、第二名：夾子 .........................................................................213
十、第一名：桌椅 .........................................................................213
第四章 幼兒園自主游戲后的交流分享......................................李  潔 215
第一節(jié) 交流分享的誤區(qū) .....................................................................216
一、傳統(tǒng)單一的分享形式 .............................................................216
二、有備而來的重點話題 .............................................................216
三、老生常談的三個問題 .............................................................217
四、明確指向的分享結(jié)果 .............................................................217
第二節(jié) 交流分享的內(nèi)容和方式 .........................................................218
一、交流分享的內(nèi)容 .....................................................................218
（一）聚焦快樂和創(chuàng)意 ...................................................................218
不同的贊美..............................................................................219
待我長紗及地時……..............................................................221
穿越“封鎖線”.......................................................................224
挑戰(zhàn)和獎勵..............................................................................228
（二）建構(gòu)經(jīng)驗和規(guī)則 ...................................................................231
“奧特曼”大戰(zhàn)“怪獸”.........................................................232
一次驚心動魄卻有些遺憾的想象..........................................234
抽獎..........................................................................................236
“飲水機”的誕生....................................................................238
“地鐵”開進“喜鵲班”.........................................................241
（三）解決問題和沖突 ...................................................................245
“警察”的“槍”竟被撕了....................................................246
桌子上的椅子..........................................................................249
“老大”.....................................................................................252
“滑雪比賽”.............................................................................254
地鐵上的危險..........................................................................257
（四）拓展思維和角度 ...................................................................260
“警察”的“人臉識別掃描儀”..............................................261 
這是我的經(jīng)歷..........................................................................264
換一個角度看無所事事..........................................................267
從“雪山”到“礦山”..........................................................270
財富是什么..............................................................................273
（五）關(guān)注個性和成長 ...................................................................276
“雜技演員”..............................................................................277
“潛水店”的兜兜....................................................................280
“亦白畫室”............................................................................283
打造自己的品牌......................................................................286
依諾分享會..............................................................................289
二、交流分享的方式 .....................................................................292
（一）按分享形式分類 ...................................................................292
（二）按參加人數(shù)分類 ...................................................................292
（三）按場地位置分類 ...................................................................293
“打仗”啦................................................................................294
“足底按摩”.............................................................................297
“畫語”分享............................................................................300
“奧運冠軍”頒獎儀式............................................................303
邊參觀邊分享..........................................................................306
越造越美的“家”...................................................................309
第三節(jié) 交流分享的展望 .....................................................................312
一、閑聊——一種無為的狀態(tài).....................................................312
二、淺遇——一場關(guān)注點的盛宴.................................................312
三、深藏——一種有取舍的判斷.................................................312
四、撞見——一場思維的碰撞.....................................................313
第五章 幼兒園自主游戲的探討..........................................李潔工作室 315
第一節(jié) 雙人視角 .................................................................................316
一、能看到卻解讀不深入 .............................................................316
二、愿放手卻介入太頻繁 .............................................................316
三、能分享卻支持欠多元 .............................................................317無為之為
“搶奪小藥箱”風(fēng)波................................................................318
我想做“爸爸”.......................................................................320
學(xué)做“爸爸”...........................................................................322
“頑皮大王”的“電影院”開張了........................................324
沒有“顧客”的“燒烤店”..................................................326
“消防員”的堅強后盾............................................................328
棒子的變身之旅......................................................................330
盲盒..........................................................................................332
最完美的“警車”...................................................................334
神氣的“新聞主播”................................................................336
教室里的東西都有用..............................................................338
由“劃船”開始的變化..........................................................340
掃碼付款..................................................................................342
“宇宙飛船”............................................................................344
從“快遞小哥”到“外賣小哥”..........................................346
“小飛機”飛起來了................................................................349
指揮才是“老大”...................................................................351
第二節(jié) 多人教研 .................................................................................353
一、案例：來了一只小蚱蜢 .........................................................353
二、教研：由“來了一只小蚱蜢”觸發(fā)的看、思、啟 .............353
第三節(jié) 主題訪談 .................................................................................357
一、什么是“哇”時刻？ .............................................................357
（一）創(chuàng)意的伴生內(nèi)容 ...................................................................357
（二）閃光的個性品質(zhì) ...................................................................359
二、哪些“哇”時刻可以延伸為幼兒的深度學(xué)習(xí)？ .................360
（一）有生活經(jīng)驗 ...........................................................................360
（二）有心理需求 ...........................................................................360
（三）有社會價值 ...........................................................................361
（四）有互動空間 ...........................................................................361
三、如何根據(jù)幼兒在游戲中的“哇”時刻依學(xué)而教？ .............362 
（一）在交流分享中探討 ...............................................................362
（二）在一日活動中助推 ...............................................................364
（三）在家園共育中延伸 ...............................................................365
四、怎樣引領(lǐng)幼兒進行游戲評價？ .............................................366
（一）橫向評價 ...............................................................................366
（二）縱向評價 ...............................................................................366
第四節(jié) 解答問題 .................................................................................367
如何組織新小班孩子玩自主游戲？......................................368
孩子的游戲出現(xiàn)“不健康的內(nèi)容”怎么辦？......................371
新主題稍縱即逝怎么辦？......................................................373
是游戲還是個別化學(xué)習(xí)？......................................................375
在游戲中，什么情況需要教師介入？..................................378
游戲分享，如何讓話題聊起來？..........................................381
如何評價一次游戲分享的質(zhì)量？..........................................384